Axle driving apparatus

ABSTRACT

An axle driving apparatus comprises a housing. The housing contains a hydrostatic transmission, a differential unit driven by the hydrostatic transmission, a pair of axles mutually differentially connected through the differential unit, and a restricting mechanism for selectively restricting differential motion of the axles by manual operation. The differential unit comprises a ring gear serving as an input gear and a pair of bevel gears which can be differentially rotated by rotation of the ring gear. The restricting mechanism engages one of the bevel gears with the ring gear. If a pair of differential side gears fixed on the respective axles serve as the bevel gears, the restricting mechanism engages one of the bevel gear to the ring gear through a claw clutch or a friction clutch.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a Continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 10/455,313, filed Jun. 6, 2003 now U.S. Pat. No.7,192,376; which is a Continuation-in-Part of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/887,251, filed Jun. 25, 2001, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,604,359; which is a Continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/381,231, filed Oct. 27, 1999, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,272,854.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to an axle driving apparatus for improving the straightforward running capacity of a vehicle on a muddy road or the like, and more particularly to an axle driving apparatus which is integrally provided with a hydrostatic transmission (hereinafter referred to as the HST); axles; a power transmission mechanism, which can easily change the speed of the HST; an oil reservoir, which can absorb an increase in volume of oil due to an increase in the temperature of the HST; and a differential locking device, all of which are provided in a single housing. Additionally, the present invention relates to an integral hydraulic axle driving apparatus (hereinafter referred to as the IHT).

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Conventionally, an axle driving apparatus consists of a housing for an HST, axles and a power transmitting device for interconnecting the HST and axles. On the center section of the HST is disposed a hydraulic pump, provided with a vertical input shaft, and a hydraulic motor, provided with a horizontal output shaft. A plurality of pistons are disposed in the hydraulic pump cylinder block. The heads of the pistons abut against a movable swash plate. Changing the angle of the movable swash plate changes the pump capacity so as to increase or decrease the number of rotations of the hydraulic motor. The movable swash plate is slanted, thereby enabling the speed of the HST to be changed by rotatably operating trunnions supported in the housing. Each trunnion is disposed on a longitudinally slanted axis of the swash plate, as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,456,068, for example.

A speed change controller, such as a pedal or a lever, which is provided on the vehicle can be operated normally longitudinally thereof so that its motion can be transmitted to a control arm of the axle driving apparatus through a link mechanism, such as a rod, disposed longitudinally of the vehicle. Hence, it is preferable that the control arm swing longitudinally around the lateral axis. One conventional construction is provided with a vertical operating shaft, independent of the trunnions, where both trunnions and the vertical operating shaft interlock with each other. The control arm is provided at one end of the operating shaft so that the control arm swings longitudinally around the vertical axis, and the other end is constructed so that the trunnion projects at the axial end thereof from the front wall of the housing. A control arm is provided at the axial end so that the control arm swings laterally around the longitudinal axis. A complex linkage mechanism, with respect to the vertical operating shaft and trunnions, is required in the first construction described above, thereby increasing the number of parts and assembly time, making the axle driving apparatus too expensive to produce. The second construction described above requires a separate link mechanism for converting the longitudinal motion into a lateral motion, thereby requiring space to provide two link mechanisms in the vehicle, making it difficult to apply the apparatus to a vehicle of small size and increasing the number of parts required.

U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,440,951 and 5,515,747 disclose that when the HST and the mechanism for transmitting power to the axles from the HST are housed in the same housing, the housing can be filled with oil to be used as both operating oil for the HST and lubricating oil for the transmitting mechanism. In this case, a foreign object, such as iron powder, created by the rubbing of the transmitting mechanism may flow toward the HST. The iron powder or other foreign object is removed by an oil filter so as not to enter into the HST closed fluid circuit. However, the iron powder or the like may encroach on the piston and swash plate and thereby adversely affect them. The housing is integrated in part with the oil reservoir so as to enable the oil volume in the housing to be adjusted when expanded due to a rise in temperature. However, the greater the quantity of oil, the larger the increase in volume. Thus, the housing must be made larger and the reservoir therefore becomes larger so that the housing itself has to be large in size.

U.S. Pat. No. 5,094,077 discloses that in order to prevent the speed change controller equipped on the vehicle from being hastily operated by an operator, a shock absorber is provided on the control arm. The shock absorber should be disposed above the upper wall of the housing because the control arm is configured to vertically and longitudinally swing around the axis on the upper wall of the housing. Therefore, space for disposing the shock absorber without interference with an input pulley or an enlarged portion of the upper wall of the housing is required.

Further, where a differential gear is provided between the left and right axles, when one axle is idling, a driving force cannot be transmitted to the other axle. Hence, it is desired to provide a differential locking device on the axle driving apparatus for integrating the differential locking device with the HST and the axles.

Additionally, conventionally there is a well-known IHT, which comprises a housing containing an HST, a pair of axles and a differential unit. A problem arises in the IHT having the differential unit interposed between left and right axles. For example, a vehicle equipped with the IHT, when one of left and right drive wheels is mired in mud or a ditch, cannot escape because the mired wheel idles therein so as to hinder the other wheel from receiving power.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The axle driving apparatus of the present invention is partitioned by an internal wall provided within the housing, into a first chamber for housing therein the HST and a second chamber for housing therein axles and a transmitting mechanism which transmits power from an output shaft of the HST to the axles. Both chambers are filled with common oil. An oil filter is disposed therebetween to allow the chambers to communicate with each other. One chamber communicates with an oil reservoir. Trunnions for the swash plate to change the output rotation of the HST are supported between the internal wall and a side plate fixed to the housing. The trunnions are disposed laterally of and in parallel to the axles. One of the trunnions projects outwardly from the housing so as to fix an arm. The shock absorber is connected thereto, thereby preventing hasty speed change. A differential locking device is attached to a differential gear differentially connecting the left and right axles. During the normal running of the vehicle, the differential rotation can be performed. When one axle is idling, both axles are adapted to be directly connected to each other.

A further object of the present invention is to provide an IHT applied for a vehicle which can restrict a difference of rotational speed between the left and right drive axles by the intension of a driver in a case of emergency as mentioned above or another necessity.

To achieve the object, an axle driving apparatus according to the present invention comprises a housing containing a hydrostatic transmission, a differential unit driven by the hydrostatic transmission, a pair of axles mutually differentially connected through the differential unit, and a restricting mechanism for selectively restricting differential motion of the axles by manual operation.

Preferably, the differential unit comprises a ring gear serving as an input gear and a pair of bevel gears which can be differentially rotated by rotation of the ring gear. The restricting mechanism engages one of the bevel gears with the ring gear.

Further preferably, a pair of differential side gears fixed on the respective axles serve as the bevel gears, and the restricting mechanism is provided with a claw clutch to engage or disengage one of the differential side gears with and from the ring gear.

Alternatively, a pair of differential side gears fixed on the respective axles serve as the bevel gears, and the restricting mechanism is provided with a friction clutch to engage or disengage one of the differential side gears with and from the ring gear.

These and other objects of the invention will become more apparent from the detailed description and examples which follow.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIG. 1 is a plan view of an axle driving apparatus;

FIG. 2 is a partially sectional plan view of the same in which an upper half housing thereof is removed;

FIG. 3 is a sectional view looking in the direction of arrows 3-3 in FIG. 2;

FIG. 4 is a sectional view looking in the direction of arrows 4-4 in FIG. 2;

FIG. 5 is a sectional view looking in the direction of arrows 5-5 in FIG. 2;

FIG. 6 is a sectional view looking in the direction of arrows 6-6- in FIG. 2;

FIG. 7 is a sectional view looking in the direction of arrows 7-7 in FIG. 2;

FIG. 8 is an enlarged sectional plan view of a principal portion of the mechanism of a braking device;

FIG. 9 is an enlarged sectional side view of a principal portion of the same;

FIG. 10 is a enlarged sectional view of only a part of a principal portion of the same;

FIG. 11 is a left side view of a center section of the present invention;

FIG. 12 is a plan view of the same;

FIG. 13 is a sectional view looking in the direction of arrows 13-13 in FIG. 11;

FIG. 14 a sectional view looking in the direction of arrows 14-14 in FIG. 11;

FIG. 15 is a sectional view looking in the direction of arrows 15-15 in FIG. 11;

FIG. 16 is a sectional view looking in the direction of arrows 16-16 in FIG. 12;

FIG. 17 is a sectional view looking in the direction of the arrows 17-17 in FIG. 12;

FIG. 18 is a sectional view looking in the direction of the arrows 18-18 in FIG. 12;

FIG. 19 is a sectional view looking in the direction of the arrows 19-19 in FIG. 12;

FIG. 20 is a sectional view looking in the direction of the arrows 20-20 in FIG. 12;

FIG. 21 is a bottom plan view of the center section from which the charge pump has been removed;

FIG. 22 is a sectional view of a differential gear and a differential looking device;

FIG. 23 is a side view of a slider of the differential locking device;

FIG. 24 is a side view of a ring gear of the same;

FIG. 25 is a perspective exploded view of the differential gear of the present invention;

FIG. 26 is a fragmentary sectional plan view of an IHT showing a differential gear unit provided with a differential locking mechanism having a friction clutch;

FIG. 27 is a fragmentary sectional plan view of an IHT showing a differential gear unit provided with a differential locking mechanism having a friction clutch and a claw clutch; and

FIG. 28 is a fragmentary sectional plan view of an IHT showing another differential gear unit provided with a differential locking mechanism having a friction clutch.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

FIGS. 1-7 show the construction of an axle driving apparatus. The housing of the axle driving apparatus comprises an upper half housing 1 and a lower half housing 2 joined to each other along a horizontal, flat joint surface along the periphery of the upper and lower half housings 1,2. A bearing for a motor shaft 4 is provided on the joint surfaces of both upper half housing 1 and lower half housing 2. Bearings for axles 7 are shifted upwardly from the joint surface of both upper half housing 1 and lower half housing 2 and are disposed in upper half housing 1 to rotatably support axles 7. Axles 7 are differentially connected by a differential gear unit 23 and project laterally outwardly of the housing.

The interior of the housing is partitioned by an internal wall 8 into a first chamber R1 for housing therein an HST and a second chamber R2 for housing therein a gear-type drive train which transmits power to differential gear unit 23 from motor shaft 4 to axles 7. First chamber R1 and second chamber R2 are filled with common oil which forms an oil sump. As shown in FIG. 7, an oil feed lid 6 is provided on an upper wall of upper half housing 1 above differential gear unit 23. The housing can be filled with operating oil through lid 6. As shown in FIG. 6, an oil flow port 75 is provided in the upper portion of upper half housing 1. Upper half housing 1 communicates through a piping 9, of rubber hose or the like, with the interior of an oil reservoir 10 mounted at a predetermined position on the vehicle, thereby enabling the volume of operating oil in oil reservoir 10 to be adjusted.

As shown in FIG. 6, an oil bore 8 a is open at a predetermined position in internal wall 8 which partitions first chamber R1 from second chamber R2. An oil filter 18 covers oil bore 8 a. In this embodiment, as shown in FIGS. 2 and 6, oil bore 8 a and oil filter 18 are disposed on internal wall 8 between the portion containing the HST and the portion containing the right side axle 7, thereby enabling oil to flow between first chamber R1 and second chamber R2 through oil filter 18. Accordingly, oil filling the housing can be used as both operating oil for the HST and lubricating oil for the gears and bearings. When the oil enters into first chamber R1 from second chamber R2, foreign objects such as iron powder which are harmful to the HST, are filtered by oil filter 18.

Internal wall 8 is provided within the housing so that first chamber R1 is disposed in front of axles 7 and to the side of the drive train for transmitting power from motor shaft 4 to differential gear unit 23. Internal wall 8, as shown in FIG. 4, comprises (1) an internal wall portion 1 a erected integrally with the upper inner surface of upper half housing 1 and is positioned at the end surface on the same plane as the joint surface of the housing parts 1, 2 and (2) an internal wall portion 2 a erected integrally with the inner bottom surface of lower half housing 2 and positioned at the end surface on the same plane as the joint surface of the housing. When both upper half housing 1 and lower half housing 2 are joined together, the end surfaces of both internal wall portion 1 a and internal wall portion 2 a join each other to form internal wall 8, thereby partitioning the interior of the housing into first chamber R1 and second chamber R2.

The HST is housed in first chamber R1. The HST comprises a hydraulic pump P, a hydraulic motor M and a center section 5. Center section 5 is elongated and is longitudinally disposed in first chamber R1. A vertical surface 91 is formed at the front of center section 5 on which hydraulic motor M is disposed. A horizontal surface 90 is formed along the top of center section 5 on which hydraulic pump P is disposed. A pump shaft 3 is substantially vertically disposed on center portion 5 and is positioned between motor shaft 4 and axles 7 which extend substantially horizontally and in parallel to each other. A pump mounting surface 40 is formed on horizontal surface 90 of center section 5 for hydraulic pump P. A cylinder block 16 is rotatably and slidably disposed on pump mounting surface 40. Pistons 12 are fitted into a plurality of cylinder bores in cylinder block 16 and are reciprocally movable by biasing springs. The heads of pistons 12 abut against a thrust bearing 11 a held to the movable swash plate 11. At the center of movable swash plate 11, an opening 11 b is provided through which pump shaft 3 perforates. Pump shaft 3, used also as an input shaft, is disposed on the rotary axis of cylinder block 16 and is fixed thereto as that pump shaft 3 and cylinder block 16 rotate together. Pump shaft 3 projects at the upper axial end thereof outwardly from the upper wall of upper half housing 1. An input pulley 43 with a cooling fan 44 is fixed to pump shaft 3. Input pulley 43 is given power from a prime mover (not shown) through a belt transmitting mechanism (not shown).

As seen in FIG. 6, the piston abutting surface of movable swash plate 11 is disposed perpendicular to the rotary axis of cylinder block 16. Movable swash plate 11 is shown in the neutral position. Movable swash plate 11 can be tilted from side to side so as to enable the discharge amount and discharge direction of oil from hydraulic pump P to be changed. As seen in FIG. 4, for example, movable swash plate 11 is integrally provided with trunnions 35L and 35R, which project laterally from both sides of swash plate 11 and are disposed in parallel to axles 7. Movable swash plate 11, as shown in FIGS. 2 and 4, is slantingly rotatably supported between the two parallel walls of internal wall portion 1 a in upper half housing 1 and the side wall of the upper half housing 1. A recess 1 b is bored in the side surface of internal wall portion 1 a. Recess 16 has an inner diameter about equal to the outer diameter of a bearing bush fitted on trunnion 35L.

As best seen in FIG. 4, trunnion 35L is rotatably supported in recess 1 b. In order to bore recess 1 b in internal wall portion 1 a, an opening 1 c is formed in the side wall of upper half housing 1. A machining tool for boring recess 1 b is inserted into upper half housing 1 through opening 1 c. A side plate 15 for closing opening 1 c is detachably fixed onto the outer surface of the side wall of upper half housing 1 through sealing members (not shown). Trunnion 35R extends into a hollow cylindrical portion integrally formed in side plate 15 so as to be rotatably supported therein. Movable swash plate 11 is longitudinally tilted around trunnions 35L and 35R within first chamber R1, enabling the output of hydraulic pump P to be changed.

At the outer surface of side plate 15, a plurality of fins 15 a (see FIG. 3) for receiving cooling wind from cooling fan 44 are disposed in the direction of the flow of the cooling wind. Wind blowing across fins 15 a lowers the temperature of oil stored in first chamber R1.

The axial end of trunnion 35R projects outwardly from side plate 15. A control arm 38 (discussed below) is fixed on the axial end and is connected through a link or wire (not shown), to a speed change lever mounted at the driver's seat of the vehicle, so as to rotate around the lateral axis of the vehicle body. This simplifies the transmitting mechanism for slantwise control of movable swash plate 11. A neutral return coiled spring 31 is fitted onto trunnion 35R in first chamber R1. Both ends of neutral return coiled spring 31 project forwardly between an engaging pin 39 and around an eccentric shaft 33 mounted onto the inner surface of side plate 15 (see FIG. 2). Engaging pin 39 projects from an arm 11 d which projects forwardly from movable swash plate 11.

Accordingly, when control arm 38 is rotated in order to change the speed of the vehicle, arm 11 d rotates together therewith and one end of neutral return coiled spring 31 moves away from the other end toward engaging pin 39. The other end of neutral return coiled spring 31 is retained by eccentric shaft 33 so as to apply a biasing force to control arm 38 which tends to return to the neutral position. When the operating force to the speed change lever is released, the restoring force created at one end of neutral return coiled spring 31 returns engaging pin 39 toward eccentric shaft 33 so as to be held in a neutral position. A portion of eccentric shaft 33 extending outwardly from side plate 15 is fixed thereto through an adjusting nut 33 a, which can be released to properly rotatably shift eccentric shaft 33, thereby shifting arm 11 d around trunnion 35R through neutral return coiled spring 31. This enables movable swash plate 11 to be adjusted to the accurate neutral position.

Control arm 38 is fixed to the end of trunnion 35R which extends outside of the housing, as shown in FIG. 3. Control arm 38 is substantially V-shaped, with a first retaining portion 38 a and a second retaining portion 38 b. First retaining portion 38 a projects upwardly to connect with a speed changing member such as a lever or pedal (not shown), and with trunnion 35R when the speed change force is applied. Second retaining portion 38 b projects slantwise rearwardly of the vehicle to connect with one end of a movable portion 73 a of a shock absorber 73. Shock absorber 73 and control arm 38 are formed to straddle right axle 7. The base of a fixed portion 73 b of shock absorber 73 is pivotally supported to a mounting pin 74 b. Mounting Pin 74 b is mounted to the rear end of a support plate 74 fixed through mounting bolts 74 a to the lower surface of a sleeve for right axle 7. Thus, shock absorber 73 connects with control arm 38 so as to prevent a rapid speed change operation. Further, the operating force of the speed changing member, when released, does not rapidly return swash plate 11 to its neutral position, due to the spring force of neutral return coiled spring 31. This prevents an abrupt stop of the vehicle caused by the braking action of the HST.

Because shock absorber 73 is disposed longitudinally along one side of the housing, it is not necessary to consider the height of input pulley 43 or an enlarged portion of the housing. A reasonable connection and arrangement is provided allowing control arm 38 to be swung along a lateral axis of the apparatus.

Pressure oil from hydraulic pump P is sent to hydraulic motor M through an oil passage in center section 5. Hydraulic motor M, as shown in FIG. 5, is constructed so that a motor mounting surface 41 is formed along vertical surface 91 of center section 5. A cylinder block 17 is rotatably slidably mounted to motor mounting surface 41. A plurality of pistons 13 are reciprocally movably inserted into a plurality of cylinder bores in cylinder block 17 through biasing springs. A thrust bearing, held to a fixed swash plate 37, abuts against the heads of pistons 13. Fixed swach plate 37 is fixedly positioned between upper half housing 1 and lower half housing 2. Motor shaft 4 is disposed on the rotary axis of cylinder block 17 and is fixed thereto so that motor shaft 4 and cylinder block 17 move together. One end of motor shaft 4 is supported in a shaft bore provided at the center of motor mounting surface 41 of center section 5. The other end of motor shaft 4 perforates through internal wall 8, formed at the joint surface of upper half housing 1 and lower half housing 2, so as to enter into second chamber 2. Motor shaft 4 is rotably supported by a bearing 76 fitted into internal wall 8. Bearing 76 includes an oil-tight seal in order to partition first chamber R1 and second chamber R2. In particular, an O-ring 77 is provided on the outer periphery of bearing 76.

A brake disc 19 is fixed to one axial end of motor shaft 4 positioned in second chamber R2. As shown in FIG. 9 a brake pad 98 is fitted into the inner surface of upper half housing 1 positioned at one side of the upper portion of brake disc 19. At the opposite side of brake disc 19, a brake operating shaft 97 is supported which perforates the wall of upper half housing 1 from the outside to the inside thereof through a support plate 92. Brake pad 98 and the end surface of brake operating shaft 97 are opposite to each other. Brake disc 19 is sandwiched therebetween. Brake operating shaft 97 is supported in parallel to motor shaft 4. A brake arm 93 is fixed to the end of brake operating shaft 97 outside of the housing. A spring 94 is fitted onto brake operating shaft 97 between brake arm 93 and support plate 92, so as to bias the end surface of brake operating shaft 97 away from brake disc 19.

A flange 97 a is formed within the housing at one end of brake operating shaft 97. A plurality (four in this embodiment) of groves 97 b are provided at the surface of flange 97 a facing the inner surface of the housing. Cam grooves 92 a, each V-shaped in cross-section and arcuate when viewed in plan are provided at the end surface of support plate 92, opposite to grooves 97 b. As shown in FIG. 10, balls 95 are interposed between cam grooves 92 a and grooves 97 b. In such construction, when brake arm 93 is rotated, brake operating shaft 97 rotates along its longitudinal axis. Balls 95, held by recesses 97 b, slowly ride onto the shallowest portions of cam groove 92 a from the deepest portions thereof. This causes brake operating shaft 97 to slidably move, due to the thrust generated thereon by balls 95, toward brake disc 19 thereby sandwiching brake disc 19 between brake pad 98 and the end surface of brake operating shaft 97 so as to brake motor shaft 4. Flanges 92 b, which extend radially and are V-shaped, are integrally provided it the outer end of support plate 92 (see FIG. 8). Elongate slots 92 c, which are oval-arcuate shaped are open in flanges 92 b around brake operating shaft 97. Bolts 96 are inserted into elongate slots 92 c, thereby fixing support plate 92 onto the outer surface of the side wall of upper half housing 1. Bolts 96 may be unscrewed to properly rotate flanges 92 b around brake operating shaft 97, thereby enabling balls 95 to adjust the length of time during which balls 95 ride on cam groove 97 b.

Next, explanation will be given on the construction of center section 5 for loading thereon hydraulic pump P and hydraulic motor M in accordance with FIGS. 11 through 21. Center section 5 is longitudinally elongated and is provided at one side thereof with a bolt bore 5 h and at another side thereof with two bolt bores 5 h. Three mounting bolts are inserted into bolt bores 5 h and are used to fix center section 5 to the inner wall of upper half housing 1 in first chamber R1. At the center of pump mounting surface 40 and at the rear and upper surface of upper half housing 1 is formed a bearing bore for rotatably supporting the lower end of pump shaft 3. A pair of arcuate ports 40 a and 40 b are open longitudinally through center section 5 around a bearing bore. Feed or discharge oil is communicated with cylinder block 16 through parts 40 a and 40 b. At the center of motor mounting surface 41, vertically disposed in front of pump mounting surface 40, is bored a bearing bore for rotatably supporting one end of motor shaft 4. A pair of arcuate ports 41 a and 41 b are open vertically and around the bearing bore, thereby communicating feed or discharge oil with cylinder block 17.

In order to connect arcuate ports 40 a and 40 b at pump mounting surface 40 with arcuate ports 41 a and 41 b at motor mounting surface 41, a first linear oil passage 5 a and a second linear oil passage 5 b are bored in a thick portion of center section 5, in parallel to each other. As shown in FIG. 12, the center of pump mounting surface 40 is positioned along an imaginary vertical plane (line 16-16) disposed along motor mounting surface 41. Half of cylinder block 16 mounted on pump mounting surface 40 (as shown in FIG. 2) overlaps, when viewed from above, with half of cylinder block 17 disposed on motor mounting surface 41. This arrangement permits the HST and first chamber R1 which contains the HST to be smaller in lateral width. A third linear oil passage 5 c communicates horizontally and perpendicularly with an intermediate portion of second oil passage 5 b. Arcuate port 40 a at pump mounting surface 40, as shown in FIG. 18, is shallow and directly communicates with first oil passage 5 a. Arcuate port 40 b is deeper to communicate with third oil passage 5 c. Arcuate port 41 a at motor mounting surface 41 is deeper at the upper portion thereof to communicate with first oil passage 5 a and shallow at the lower portion thereof, as shown in FIGS. 16 and 17. Arcuate port 41 b communicates, at the lower portion thereof, with second oil passage 5 b. Thus, first oil passage 5 a communicates with arcuate port 40 a and with arcuate port 41 a, while second oil passage 5 b and third oil passage 5 c communicate with arcuate port 40 b and with arcuate port 41 b, so as to form a closed fluid circuit in center section 5.

With reference to FIG. 17, check valves 54 and 55 are disposed at the open ends of first oil passage 5 a and second oil passage 5 b respectively. Both first oil passage 5 a and second oil passage 5 b are closed by plug members 64 a in which check valves 54 and 55 are disposed, respectively. The open end of third oil passage 5 c is closed by a plug member 64 b. Check valves 54 and 55 communicate at the inlet sides thereof with oil passage 5 d through oil bores 54 b and 55 b provided at casings 54 a and 55 a. The open end of oil passage 5 d is positioned in a recess 5 g formed at the lower surface of center section 5. At the lower surface of center section 5, opposite to pump mounting surface 40, a charge pump casing 46 is mounted through a plurality of mounting bolts 69. A trochoidtype charge pump 45 is housed (see FIG. 4) in a recess formed at a center of the upper surface of charge pump casing 46. Trochoid-type charge pump 45 is provided with internal teeth and external teeth. The lower end of pump shaft 3 projects downwardly from center section 5 and engages with the external teeth so as to drive charge pump 45. Charge pump 45, however, may be of an external gear type or other known type.

As seen in FIGS. 18 and 19, charge pump 45 has a discharge port 45 a and an intake port 45 b. Intake port 45 b communicates with an opening 46 b (FIG. 17) into which the open end of a cylindrical oil filter 56 is inserted (see FIGS. 5 and 6). Oil filter 56 is disposed under hydraulic motor M in first chamber R1. Oil filter 56 is insertable into charge pump casing 46 which is in the housing from the exterior thereof through an insertion bore open at the front wall of lower half housing 2. Oil filter 56 is interposed between charge pump casing 46 and a plug member 48 which closes the insertion bore at the front wall of lower half housing 2. Plug member 48 can be removed to facilitate maintenance and inspection of oil filter 56. A pair of oil joints 49 and 50 project from the a side surface of charge pump casing 46 (FIG. 13). The ends of joints 49 and 50, as shown in FIG. 3, are exposed at a lower portion of the outside surface of lower half housing 2. Oil joints 49 and 50 function as an oil pressure source for hydraulic actuators equipped outside of the vehicle.

Oil joint 50 is formed to serve as an oil takeout port and communicates with discharge port 45 a of charge pump 45 through an oil passage 46 a as shown in FIG. 13. A first relief valve 57, for setting the oil pressure of discharge port 45 a, is housed in charge pump casing 46 and is connected to an oil passage 46 c which is branched from oil passage 46 a. Relief oil discharged from first relief valve 57 flows into recess 5 g at the lower surface of center section 5 through oil passage 46 c. Oil joint 49 is formed to be an oil return port and to communicate with recess 59 of center section 5 through oil passages 46 d and 46 e. A second relief valve 58 for setting the oil pressure in recess 5 g to be supplied to the closed circuit of the HST is housed in charge pump casing 46 and connects with recess 5 g through an oil passage 46 f. Relief oil discharged from second relief valve 58 is discharged outwardly from charge pump casing 46 through an oil passage 46 g.

As seen in FIG. 17, when charge pump 45 is driven, oil flowing into recess 5 g through the oil passage 46 c is adjusted by second relief valve 58. This causes check valve 54 or 55 to open through oil passage 5 d at the low pressure side of one of oil passages 5 a, 5 b or 5 c, thereby forcibly supplying operating oil into the closed fluid circuit for the HST.

When the vehicle is stopped on a sloping surface, and the HST is put in the neutral position without the parking brake exerted, the force causing the driving wheels of the vehicle to roll acts on the closed fluid circuit of the HST to generate pressure so as to cause negative pressure in the closed fluid circuit and possibly causing the vehicle to move. In order to prevent such a phenomenon, a check valve 47 (see FIG. 15) is housed in charge pump casing 46 which can supply operating oil to the closed fluid circuit of the HST even when charge pump 45 is not driven. Check valve 47 communicates at the inlet side thereof with intake port 45 b through an oil passage 46 h and at the outlet side with recess 5 g through an oil passage 46 i. When charge pump 45 is driven to flow operating oil into recess 5 g though oil passages 46 c and 46 e, check valve 47 closes between oil passage 46 h and oil passage 46 i. When charge pump 45 is not driven, causing negative pressure on the low pressure side of the closed circuit, check valve 47 is open to enable oil filtered by filter 56 to be guided from intake port 45 b and oil passages 46 h and 46 i into recess 5 g. Check valve 54 or 55, at the negative pressure side of the closed fluid circuit, is open through oil passage 5 d, whereby oil is supplied to the closed fluid circuit. Thus, oil can be maintained in the closed fluid circuit at all times.

In order to place operating oil into the closed fluid circuit after the axle driving apparatus is assembled, oiling pipes 52 and 53 are disposed at the lower surface of center section 5 as shown in FIGS. 11, 15, 17 and 20. At the lower surface of center section 5, a fourth vertical passage 5 e is bored to communicate with the upper deep portion of arcuate port 41 a. A fifth vertical oil passage 5 f is bored to communicate with second oil passage 5 b. Oiling pipes 52 and 53 are mounted into oil passages 5 e and 5 f respectively and are opened at the lower ends thereof outwardly from the bottom wall of lower half housing 2 and closed at the open ends by use of plug members after the closed fluid circuit is filled with operating oil.

As shown in FIGS. 2 and 5, a by-pass arm 60 for opening the interior of the closed circuit to the oil sump, in order to enable the axle to be idle during hauling of the vehicle, is disposed in the upper portion of upper half housing 1. In particular, by-pass arm 60 is fixed at its base onto the upper end of a by-pass shaft 61, which is vertically, rotatably and pivotally supported to the upper wall of upper half housing 1. By-pass shaft 61 extends at its lower end into a thick portion of motor mounting portion 41 of center section 5. A flat surface 61 a is formed at a part of the outer periphery of the lower end of by-pass shaft 61. A through-bore 5 i (see FIG. 11) is open at motor mounting surface 41 of center section 5 slightly above the center thereof and between arcuate port 41 a and 41 b. A push pin 62 (see FIG. 5) is slidably supported into through-bore 5 i along the rotary axis of cylinder block 17. One end surface of push pin 62 can abut against the rotary sliding surface of cylinder block 17 in close contact with the motor mounting surface 41. The other end surface abuts against flat surface 61 a of bypass shaft 61.

Thus, when an operator operates a by-pass operating lever (not shown) equipped on the vehicle when the vehicle is hauled, by-pass shaft 61 is rotated through by-pass arm 60. Push pin 62 is pushed toward cylinder block 17 by the flat surface of the lower end of by-pass shaft 61. Push pin 62 moves the cylinder block 17 above motor mounting surface 41. First oil passage 5 a and second oil passage 5 b communicate with the oil sump of the housing through arcuate ports 41 a and 41 b respectively, thereby enabling motor shaft 4 to freely rotate.

As shown in FIGS. 2 and 7, the drive train for transmitting power from motor shaft 4 to differential gear 23 is constructed with a gear 25 provided on a portion of motor shaft 4 entering into second chamber R2, for engaging with a larger diameter gear 24, fixed onto a counter shaft 26. A smaller diameter gear 21 is also fixed onto counter shaft 26 and engages with an input gear 22. Power from motor shaft 4 is reduced in speed by gears 25, 24 and 21 to drive differential gear unit 23 by input gear 22. Larger diameter gear 24, on counter shaft 26, is disposed to the side of input gear 22 and overlaps in part therewith. Counter shaft 26 is rotatably housed in lower half housing 2 and is supported at both axial ends in a recess formed on the side wall of lower half housing 2 and a recess formed on the internal wall 2 a of lower half housing 2, as shown in FIG. 2, so as to be rotatably supported when lower half housing 2 is joined with upper half housing 1.

As best seen in FIGS. 2 and 22, the distal ends of axles 7 are rotatably supported by ball bearings in axle housing portions projecting from upper half housing 1. The proximate end of each axles 7 is sleeved by a bearing bush. One half of each bearing bush is received in a recess in upper half housing 1. The other half is received by a projection of lower half housing 2 which enters into upper half housing 1. Axles 7 are rotatably supported to receive power transmitted through differential gear 23. As shown in FIG. 2, the HST is disposed to the right side of the drive train.

A control arm 38 for movable swash plate 11 is disposed to the right side of the HST.

Hydraulic pump P is positioned substantially at the lateral and longitudinal center of the apparatus and is disposed so as to avoid the enlarged portion of differential gear 23. This enables the housing to be compact.

Differential gear unit 23 is shown in FIGS. 22 through 25. As seen in FIG. 24, the center of input gear 22 has a shaft bore 22 a for receiving axles 7 therein. Bores 22 b for receiving differential pinions 80 and fitting-in bores 22 c for receiving the differential locking device are disposed at both sides of input gear 22. Spline-fitted bevel-type output gears 81L and 81R are disposed at the proximate end of axles 7. Spindles 80 a of the bevel-type differential pinions 80 are retained in bores 22 b of input gear 22 in which differential pinions 80 are also housed. Differential pinions 80 engage with output gears 81L and 81R so as to form differential gear unit 23. No differential casing is otherwise provided. The differential locking device is provided opposite to the drive train at one side (preferably the right side) of differential gear 23 unit.

Between output gear 81R and the proximate end of right axle 7 is interposed a collar 83 on which a slider 82 is axially slidably fitted. Slider 82 is cup-like shaped to wrap around output gear 81R. At the outer peripheral side surface of slider 82, projections 82 a are integrally provided. Projections 82 a are permanently engageable with insertion bores 22 c of input gear 22. At the inner peripheral side surface of slider 82 are formed a plurality of projections 82 b which are engageable with a plurality of recesses 81 a formed in the outer periphery of output gear 81R. An insertion groove 82 c is formed on the cylindrical portion of slider 82 opposite to projections 82 a, so as to fit the tip of a fork 84 into groove 82 c. The base of fork 84 is slidably fitted onto a shaft 85 which is journalled to both side walls in lower half housing 2. At the side surface of the base of fork 84 is formed a cam surface 84 a, which abuts against a pin 87 provided on shaft 85 so as to constitute a cam mechanism. An arm 86 is fixed to shaft 85. Arm 86 projects outwardly from the housing so as to connect with a differential locking pedal (not shown) provided on the vehicle.

In such construction, when the operator presses the differential locking pedal, shaft 85 rotates through arm 86, and pin 87 rotates to push to the right in the drawing of FIG. 22. As a result, cam surface 84 a abuts against pin 87 so as to slidably move fork 84. At the same time, slider 82 slides, while maintaining projections 82 a in insertion bores 22 c of ring gear 22. Projections 82 b engage with recesses 81 a of output gear 81R and input gear 22 is differentially locked and coupled with axles 7. As a result, axles 7 are uniformly driven when the vehicle runs on any road surface.

The axle driving apparatus of the present invention can be used for driving the axles of a vehicle to improve the operability of changing the speed of the vehicle. An example of a moving vehicle which may utilize the above-mentioned axle driving apparatus is a farm or other working vehicle, such as a tractor with a mower attachment, or other vehicle for transportation.

Description will now be given of modified differential locking mechanisms shown in FIGS. 26, 27 and 28. These differential locking mechanisms are provided with friction clutches so as to absorb shock on differential locking.

Each of FIGS. 26, 27 and 28 shows a ring gear 122 or 222 pivoting only one differential pinion 80. However, it may pivot two or more pinions 80 or symmetrically arrange them, similarly with ring gear 22 shown in FIGS. 24 and 25.

Referring to FIG. 25, bevel differential side gears 181 and 191 fixed on respective axles 7 are arranged adjacent to opposite side surfaces of ring gear 122 and mesh with bevel differential pinion 80 pivoted in ring gear 122. A clutch casing 128 is fixed onto one of the side surfaces of ring gear 122 so as to cover differential side gear 181 on the corresponding side. In clutch casing 123, one or more friction discs 184 axially slidably and not relatively rotatably fit onto clutch casing 123, and one or more friction discs 185 onto differential side gear 181. Friction discs 184 and 185 are alternately aligned so as to constitute a friction clutch.

A slider 182 is axially slidably provided on corresponding axle 7 through collar 83 just on a distal side of differential side gear 181, Fork 84 is connected to slider 182 so as to manually enable slider 182 to slide along this axle 7.

Clutch casing 123 is open toward slider 182. By differential locking operation (e.g., depression of a differential locking pedal as mentioned above), slider 182 is inserted into clutch casing 123 so as to press friction discs 184 and 185 against one another, whereby differential side gear 181 engages with clutch casing 123, i.e., ring gear 122, thereby locking axles 7 with each other.

The differential locking mechanism having the friction clutch shown in FIG. 26 increases the engaging force of differential side gear 181 with ring gear 122 according to increase of friction force among friction discs 184 and 185. Therefore, it softens shock on differential locking in comparison with the, differential locking mechanism shown in FIGS. 24 and 25, which rigidly engages differential side gear 81 to ring gear 22 through the claw clutch.

Furthermore, the pressure among friction discs 184 and 185 can be adjusted according to the degree of differential locking operation, e.g., depression degree of the differential locking pedal, thereby being able to make a half-clutch condition. Namely, the differential movement of axles 7 can be restricted to some degree.

A differential locking mechanism shown in FIG. 27 is a modification of the differential locking mechanism shown in FIG. 26. By sliding slider 182, a claw 182 a formed on slider 182 is inserted through differential casing 123 into a claw hole 122 a formed in ring gear 122. If this differential locking mechanism is used, friction discs 184 and 185 are pressed against one another in an early period of sliding of slider 182 by differential locking operation so as to restrict the differential rotation of axles 7 to some degree. By further sliding slider 182, claw 182 a enters claw hole 122 a so that axles 7 are finally locked with each other perfectly.

With respect to a differential locking mechanism shown in FIG. 28, a friction clutch is constructed in a ring gear 222, Bevel differential side gears 281 and 291 fixed on respective axles 7 are arranged adjacent to opposite side surfaces of ring gear 222 and mesh with bevel differential pinion 80 pivoted in ring gear 222. Ring gear 222 is recessed from its side surface facing differential side gear 281 so as to form a recessed portion 222 a. In recessed portion 222 a, one or more friction discs 284 axially slidably and not relatively rotatably fit onto ring gear 222, and one or more friction discs 285 onto corresponding axle 7. Friction discs 284 and 285 are alternately aligned so as to constitute a friction clutch.

A slider 282 is axially slidably provided on corresponding axle 7 through a collar 283 on a distal side of differential side gear 281. Fork 84 is connected to slider 282 so as to manually enable slider 282 to slide along this axle 7.

Differential side gear 281 is bored through by one or more holes 281 a between recessed portion 222 a of ring gear 222 and slider 282. Pins 286 are fixed to slider 282 and extended toward ring gear 222 so as to slidably fit in respective holes 281 a.

By differential locking operation (e.g., depression of a differential locking pedal as mentioned above), slider 282 slides toward ring gear 222 so that pin 286 project from differential side gear 281 and enter recessed portion 222 a so as to press friction discs 284 and 285 against one another. Therefore, differential side gear 281 is engaged with ring gear 222 so as to lock axles 7 with each other. This differential locking mechanism has a similar effect of friction clutch with the differential locking mechanism shown in FIG. 26.

While one embodiment of the present invention has been shown and described, the invention should not be limited to the specific construction thereof, and is meant to be merely exemplary. 

1. An axle driving apparatus comprising: a housing provided therein with a fluid sump, the housing including two divisional housing members joined to each other through a joint surface; an axle disposed in the housing; a hydraulic motor disposed in the housing, the hydraulic motor including a motor shaft having a rotary axis disposed in parallel to the axle; a hydraulic pump disposed in the housing between the hydraulic motor and the axle when viewed in plan so as to be fluidly connected to the hydraulic motor, the hydraulic pump including a pump shaft having a rotary axis disposed in perpendicular to the axle; a gear train drivingly interposed between the motor shaft and the axle; a movable swash plate of the hydraulic pump; and a pair of coaxial trunnion shafts projecting from opposite surfaces of the movable swash plate, wherein the trunnion shafts are disposed between the motor shaft and the axle in parallel to the motor shaft and the axle, wherein the joint surface between the two divisional housing members is disposed in perpendicular to the axis of the trunnion shafts, wherein the divisional housing members support the respective trunnion shafts, and wherein one of the trunnion shafts projects outward from the corresponding divisional housing member so as to be provided thereon with an operation lever.
 2. The axle driving apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising: a center section detachably attached in the housing, the center section including a pump mounting surface and a motor mounting surface and a motor mounting surface, wherein the pump shaft of the hydraulic pump mounted on the pump mounting surface is disposed in a perpendicular to the motor shaft of the hydraulic motor mounted on the motor mounting surface.
 3. The axle driving apparatus according to claim 2, wherein a surface including the motor mounting surface includes the rotary axis of the pump shaft.
 4. The axle driving apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the gear train includes a counter shaft having a pair of large and small gears provided thereon, and wherein the counter shaft has an axis of disposed between the motor shaft and the axle and in parallel to the motor shaft and the axle, and wherein the counter shaft faces one of the trunnion shafts.
 5. The axle driving apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the pump shaft has a portion projecting outward from the housing so as to be disposed at a substantially center portion of the housing when viewed in plan, and wherein an input pulley and a cooling fan are provided on the portion of the pump shaft projecting outward from the housing.
 6. The axle driving apparatus according to claim 5, wherein at least one of the divisional housing members includes a plurality of ribs on an outer surface thereof in the direction of air blown from the cooling fan. 